Dihexa
Dihexa is a lab-made angiotensin IV analog tested only in rats and cells for memory effects, and a key paper on how it works was retracted in 2025.
US regulatory status
Not approved for human use in the US
Dihexa is unapproved for human use in the US and has never been tested in a published human trial. The FDA moved dihexa acetate off its Category 2 list in April 2026 after the nomination was withdrawn, noting it has no human exposure data, and plans to discuss it with an advisory committee before the end of February 2027.
At a glance
- Also known as
- Dihexa acetate, N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide
- Supplied as
- Freeze-dried powder, mixed before use
- Research
- Animal or lab studies only
- US status
- US status: Not approvedchecked
What the research shows
Evidence grade
Animal or lab studies only
Studied in cells or animals, not properly in people. Animal results may not apply to humans.
All published evidence comes from rats and cell cultures. A 2013 paper described dihexa as an “orally active, blood-barrier permeant, metabolically stabilized analog” of angiotensin IV with “excellent antidementia activity” in scopolamine-treated and aged rats; PubMed now shows an expression of concern on that paper (2021). The 2014 paper that proposed how dihexa works, by activating the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met system, was retracted in April 2025 after a Washington State University investigation found falsified and/or fabricated data, and a 2012 paper from the same group was retracted at the same time. A 2015 review by the developers, who list an affiliation with M3 Biotechnology, reports promise in animal models of memory and motor problems and no human data. A 2026 review notes “a current lack of clinical trials,” and a ClinicalTrials.gov search on October 16, 2026 found no registered trial.
How we grade evidence
Strong human evidence
Consistent results from large randomized controlled trials in people.
Limited human evidence
Some studies in people, but they are small, short, early-phase or uncontrolled.
Mixed evidence
Studies in people disagree, or strong evidence for one use sits beside weak evidence for another.
Animal or lab studies only · this page
Studied in cells or animals, not properly in people. Animal results may not apply to humans.
The grade describes how much research exists and in whom. It is not a judgment that a compound works or is safe.
Side effects and safety
Its safety in people is unknown. The FDA says it “has not identified any human exposure data on drug products containing dihexa acetate administered via any route of administration” and “lacks important information regarding any safety issues raised by dihexa acetate, including whether it would cause harm if administered to humans.” No published study reports human side effects, blood levels or how long it lasts in the body, so the absence of reported side effects means nothing has been measured, not that it is safe. No dihexa product is FDA-approved, so the identity, purity and sterility of anything sold are not checked.
Vial math
Pre-filled calculators turn your vial, water and prescribed dose into syringe units.
Calculator
This is arithmetic, not medical advice. Confirm with your prescriber or pharmacist.
Questions people ask
What is dihexa?
Dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide) is a lab-made molecule built from two amino acids, tyrosine and isoleucine, with chemical groups added so the body breaks it down more slowly (“metabolically stabilized”). It was derived from analogs of angiotensin IV (AngIV) and was tested in rat models of dementia. The FDA lists it as dihexa acetate, a salt form.
Sources
- J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2013: Evaluation of metabolically stabilized angiotensin IV analogs as procognitive/antidementia agents (opens in a new tab)
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2026: Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks (opens in a new tab)
Has dihexa been tested in humans?
No published human trial exists. The FDA says it has not identified any human exposure data for dihexa acetate by any route. A ClinicalTrials.gov search on October 16, 2026 found no registered trial, and a 2026 review of neuroactive peptides, including dihexa, selank and semax, notes “a current lack of clinical trials.” Claims about memory in people are therefore extrapolated from rat studies.
Sources
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2026: Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks (opens in a new tab)
- ClinicalTrials.gov, 2026: ClinicalTrials.gov intervention searches for selank, semax, dihexa, pinealon and epitalon (opens in a new tab)
- J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev, 2026: Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions (opens in a new tab)
Why were dihexa studies retracted?
In April 2025 the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics retracted two papers from the research group behind dihexa: a 2014 paper that proposed dihexa works by activating the HGF/c-Met system, and a 2012 paper on angiotensin IV analogs as HGF/Met modifiers. The notice says a Washington State University investigation found figures and data that were “falsified and/or fabricated,” and that two authors “were found to be solely responsible.” The 2013 rat study is not retracted but carries an expression of concern from 2021. The mechanism most often quoted for dihexa rests on retracted data.
Sources
- J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2025: Retraction notice to "The Procognitive and Synaptogenic Effects of Angiotensin IV-Derived Peptides Are Dependent on Activation of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met System" [J Pharmacol Exp Ther 351 (2014) 390-402] (opens in a new tab)
- J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2025: Retraction notice to "Development of Angiotensin IV Analogs as Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Met Modifiers" [J Pharmacol Exp Ther 340 (2012) 539-548] (opens in a new tab)
- J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2013: Evaluation of metabolically stabilized angiotensin IV analogs as procognitive/antidementia agents (opens in a new tab)
Is dihexa FDA-approved?
No. Dihexa is not approved for any use in the US. Dihexa acetate had been nominated for pharmacy compounding and sat on the FDA’s Category 2 list of substances that may present significant safety risks; in April 2026 the FDA moved it to the list of withdrawn nominations, which is not an approval. The FDA plans to discuss dihexa acetate with its Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee at a meeting “before the end of February 2027,” with no date set.
Sources
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2026: Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks (opens in a new tab)
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (to be held before the end of February 2027) (opens in a new tab)
What are the side effects of dihexa?
Nobody knows, because it has not been studied in people. The FDA has no human exposure data for dihexa acetate by any route and says it lacks information on whether it would cause harm in humans. No study has measured how dihexa is absorbed, how long it lasts or what it does to the body in people. A product with no reported side effects is not the same as a product shown to be safe.
How do you reconstitute dihexa?
No official label exists, so no source sets a water volume or describes the form dihexa is sold in. If you have a powder vial, the arithmetic is the same as for any peptide: the water only sets the concentration (mg in the vial ÷ mL of water = mg per mL), and the reconstitution calculator does it for your vial. That math says nothing about whether dihexa is safe to inject: the FDA has no human exposure data for it by any route. Talk to a licensed prescriber or pharmacist before using any unapproved product.
Sources
- Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety RisksU.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2026 · Accessed Oct 15, 2026 (opens in a new tab)
- Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (to be held before the end of February 2027)U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2026 · Accessed Oct 15, 2026 (opens in a new tab)
- Evaluation of metabolically stabilized angiotensin IV analogs as procognitive/antidementia agentsJ Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2013 · Accessed Oct 16, 2026 (opens in a new tab)
- Retraction notice to “The Procognitive and Synaptogenic Effects of Angiotensin IV-Derived Peptides Are Dependent on Activation of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met System” [J Pharmacol Exp Ther 351 (2014) 390-402]J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2025 · Accessed Oct 16, 2026 (opens in a new tab)
- Retraction notice to “Development of Angiotensin IV Analogs as Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Met Modifiers” [J Pharmacol Exp Ther 340 (2012) 539-548]J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2025 · Accessed Oct 16, 2026 (opens in a new tab)
- The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseasesProg Neurobiol, 2015 · Accessed Oct 16, 2026 (opens in a new tab)
- Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future DirectionsJ Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev, 2026 · Accessed Oct 16, 2026 (opens in a new tab)
- ClinicalTrials.gov intervention searches for selank, semax, dihexa, pinealon and epitalonClinicalTrials.gov, 2026 · Accessed Oct 16, 2026 (opens in a new tab)
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